¿Polipnea o taquipnea? Esa es la cuestión / Compliance with the recommendations for physical activity set by the WHO by public bicycle users in a Spanish municipality

RESUMEN Introducción: Polipnea y taquipnea tienen significados diferentes en diversos textos y los estudiantes de Medicina se desorientan al estudiar la Semiología de la disnea. Objetivo: Elucidar la disparidad semántica entre polipnea y taquipnea. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando los descriptores en ciencias de la salud taquipnea y polipnea. Se realizó una búsqueda en quince textos de Semiología Médica y en otros libros y revistas, impresos y electrónicos, entre ellos, la Revista Española de Cardiología (enero 1997 a diciembre 2020) en Archivos de Bronconeumología(diciembre 1964 a diciembre 2020); y se hizo el análisis etimológico de las palabras estudiadas, en Medigraphic (2012-21). Resultados: Seis de quince textos de Semiología consideran sinónimos polipnea y taquipnea; cuatro, solo emplean polipnea; y dos, taquipnea. Tres distinguen taquipnea como aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria; de polipnea, respiración superficial y rápida; dos definen taquipnea como aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria simple o con disminución de la amplitud (respiración superficial) y polipnea o hiperpnea, como aumento de la profundidad respiratoria con incremento de la frecuencia. En revistas científicas, taquipnea apareció en 192 artículos como respiración rápida y superficial; con igual significado se encontró polipnea, en 27. Según origen, taquipnea significa aceleración del ritmo respiratorio; polipnea, respiración muy frecuente y superficial, sin relación con polýpnóoos: "que sopla con fuerza" e hiperpnea significa incremento de la velocidad y amplitud de los movimientos respiratorios. Conclusiones: Polipnea y taquipnea deben considerarse equivalentes de respiración rápida y superficial; taquipnea simple, si la amplitud respiratoria es normal; e hiperpnea denomina la respiración muy frecuente y profunda.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Polypnea and tachypnea have different meanings in several texts, and medical studentsmay get confusedwith just the study of the semiology of dyspnea. Objective: Toelucidatethe semantic gap between polypnea and tachypnea. Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted usinghealth science descriptors such as tachypnea and polypnea; a search was performed in 15 texts of Medical Semiology and other printed or electronic books and journals, among them, theRevista Española de Cardiología(fromJanuary 1997 to December 2020) andArchivos de Bronconeumología (from December 1964 toDecember 2020); in addition, the etymological analysis of these words was carried out in Medigraphic (2012-2021). Results: Six out of fifteen texts on semiology consider that the termspolypnea and tachypnea are synonymous; fourtexts only use polypnea; and two use the term tachypnea. Three texts distinguish tachypnea as increased respiratory rate, andpolypnea as arapid, shallow breathing; two texts define tachypnea as a simple increase in the respiratory rateor a decrease in the respiratory amplitude (shallow breathing); and polypnea or hyperpnea as the increasein depth and rate of breathing.In scientific journals, the term tachypnea was usedin 192 papersto refer to rapid, shallow breathing; andpolypnea had the same meaning in 27 articles. According to its origin, tachypnea means rapid respiratory rate; Polypnea is presented as very frequent and shallow breathing, unrelated to polýpnoos: "that blows forcefully"; while hyperpneameans an increase in the speed and amplitude of respiratory movements. Conclusions: Polypnea and tachypnea should be considered as equivalents of rapid andshallow breathing; simple tachypneaif the respiratory amplitude is normal; and hyperpnea designs a very frequent and deep breathing.

Análisis del programa Propedéutica Clínica y Semiología Médica. Una metodología estructurada por pasos / Analysis of the Syllabus of Semiology and Clinical Propedeutics. Steps-structured methodology

Introducción: Los diseños establecidos en planes y programas de estudios deben ir al unísono de los cambios que la sociedad genera; esto implica su análisis con el propósito de perfeccionarlos de manera permanente. Objetivo: Determinar el alcance y limitaciones que puede tener el plan de estudio de la asignatura Propedéutica Clínica y Semiología Médica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de corte pedagógico entre el 1 de abril y el 31 de junio de 2017, que asume el método dialéctico-materialista con enfoque de sistema como rector del proceso de investigación, para efectuar el análisis crítico a un programa de estudio; la metodología utilizada para ello consta de cinco pasos fundamentales que incluye, entre otros elementos, la pertinencia y la revisión de los componentes del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Resultados y Discusión: Se realizó el análisis crítico del programa, se identifican puntos de mejora y una contradicción didáctica relacionada con el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina, al reconocerse una discordancia entre el contenido de la asignatura y la forma ideal de impartirlo, por lo que los autores consideran que es un problema metodológico. Conclusiones: El programa de estudio satisface la idea integradora del comandante Fidel en relación con el proceso docente-educativo en la formación de médicos en Cuba, al orientar integralidad, presencia de la educación en el trabajo, aumento del protagonismo del alumno, con la garantía de su calidad humana, científica y técnica, comprometida con el pueblo. El uso de esta metodología puede generalizarse(AU)

Introduction: The designs established in the different syllabuses should be in complete agreement with the demands of society. Therefore, an analysis should be carried out in order to improve them permanently. Objective: To determine the scope and limitations of the syllabus of the subject Semiology and Clinical Propedeutics. Material and Methods: A qualitative study from a pedagogical perspective was conducted from April 1st to June 31st, 2017, which assumes the materialistic dialectic method with an approach on the system as the main action of the research process in order to carry out a critical syllabus analysis. The methodology used for this consists of five main steps which include, among other elements, the appropriateness and the review of the components of the teaching-learning process. Results and discussion: A critical syllabus analysis was carried out, and aspects for the improvement and a didactic unit of contradiction related to the clinical discussion in the medical students were identified at recognizing a disagreement between the subject contents and the ideal way to teach them, thus considering it a methodological problem. Conclusions: The curriculum satisfies the integrative idea of Commander Fidel in relation to the teaching-learning process for the formation of doctors in Cuba at advising a comprehensive formation, implementing the in-service training, and increasing the students´ leading role that guarantees a human, scientific, and technical quality, directed to give a better care to the people. The use of this methodology can be generalized(AU)

O processo de tomada de decisão na prática clínica: a medicina como estado da arte / The decision making process in clinical practice: medicine as a state of the art practice

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Tomar uma decisão constitui um processo pelo qual se escolhe uma ou algumas ações dentre várias possíveis. A escolha é baseada em um conjunto de informações que levam ao intelecto a processar probabilidades de desfecho optando pela mais aprazível ou de maior chance de sucesso. A propedêutica médica está reforçada no século XXI pelos instrumentos de apoio às decisões informatizadas que visam reduzir a incerteza diagnóstica e terapêutica. Apesar dos esforços, ainda não foi totalmente decifrado a forma como o médico exerce suas decisões. CONTEÚDO: Serão discutidos os aspectos da prática da medicina com abordagem sobre como as decisões são tomadas no ambiente médico. A discussão será baseada no conceito das heurísticas, sistemas epidemiológicos, sistemas informatizados de apoio às decisões, Medicina Baseada em Evidências, Medicina Baseada em Experiência e Medicina Baseada em Preferências. CONCLUSÃO: O processo de tomada de decisão na pratica clínica e o pensamento médico vem sendo pouco discutidos e valorizados. A visualização da tomada de decisão como meramente intuitiva desvaloriza um processo tão nobre e apaixonante. É de extrema importância para a classe médica adquirir uma autoconsciência de sua prática a fim de detectar os erros que a leva ser alvo de processos pelos pacientes e para que haja redução das incertezas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Making a decision is a process by which one chooses one or a few of several possible actions. The choice is based on a set of information that leads the individual to process outcome probabilities, opting for the more pleasant or that with greater chance of success. In the twenty-first century, medical propedeutics, consisting of medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests, is supported by computed decision instruments aimed at reducing uncertainty about the diagnosis and treatment. Despite of our best efforts, we cannot fully decipher how a doctor takes his decisions. CONTENTS: We will discuss aspects of the practice of medicine approaching how decisions are made in the medical environment. The discussion will be based on the concept of heuristics, epidemiological systems, and computed-supported decision making, Evidence-Based Medicine, Experience-Based Medicine and Preference-Based Medicine. CONCLUSION: Decision making process in clinical practice, and medical thinking, have been little discussed and valued. The view of decision making as merely intuitive devalues such a noble and passionate process. It is extremely important for physicians to have self-awareness of their practice in order to detect errors that lead the patients to sue them, and to reduce the degree of uncertainty.

Método problémico en seminarios de propedéutica clínica / Problem-based method in clinical propedeutics seminars

Se exponen criterios de los autores, obtenidos mediante revisión de la literatura y su experiencia docente sobre los seminarios, en forma de orientaciones metodológicas para la aplicación de métodos problémicos

The authors' criteria gathered by means of literature review and their teaching experience on seminars were presented as methodological guidelines for implementation of problem-based methods

Propedêutica radiológica do impacto femoroacetabular em tempos de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética: o que o radiologista precisa saber / Radiological propedeutics of femoroacetabular impingement in times of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: what a radiologist needs to know

Após breve descrição dos tipos de impacto femoroacetabular, este trabalho demonstra o protocolo de radiologia convencional, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética para os casos de impacto, desenvolvido nos últimos oito anos em parceria com serviços de referência em ortopedia. Demonstra-se a propedêutica radiológica básica de cada método, revisando os aspectos mais relevantes na avaliação do quadril.

Following a brief description of the types of femoroacetabular impingement, the present article describes the protocol of conventional radiology, computed tomography e magnetic resonance imaging for cases of impingement, developed over the last eight years in a partnership with reference orthopedic institutions. Basic radiological propedeutics is described for each of the methods, reviewing the most relevant findings in the assessment of the hip.

Conferencia en propedéutica clínica para el Síndrome de inflamación articular / Lecture on clinical Propedeutics for the articular inflammation syndrome

Se exponen criterios de los autores, obtenidos tras revisión de la literatura y su experiencia docente, sobre las conferencias, en forma de orientaciones metodológicas. De forma secuencial se exponen como ejemplo, elementos del Síndrome de inflamación articular en Propedéutica Clínica, excluyendo los aspectos propios del estudio de entidades nosológicas

Authors' criteria are expounded obtained after the review of literature and their teaching experience on the lectures in the shape of methodological guiding. In a sequential way as example authors expose the elements of the articular inflammation syndrome in Clinical Propedeutics ruling out the features typical of Nosology entities study

Forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas: uma doença polimórfica: [Editorial] / Indeterminated form of Chagas' disease. A polymorphic disease: [Editorial]

Avaliar a associaçäo entre a forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas e alteraçöes em exames cardiovasculares näo invasivos. Vinte e dois portadores da forma idndeterminada da doença de Chagas, sendo 17 do sexo feminino, com idades variando de 25 a 50 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a estudo através da vetorcardiografia, ecocardiografia, teste de esforço, eletrocardiografia dinâmica e estudo cintilográfico (ventriculografia radioisotópica e mapeamento miocárdico com pirofosfato de tecnécio), num período de dois meses após a primeira consulta. Resultaram os seguintes percentuais de exames alterados: vetorcardiograma - 68,2% (distúrbio de conduçäo - 22,7%); ecocardiograma - 15,8% (hipocinesia apical); mapeamento miocárdico - 81,8%; ventriculografia radioisotópica - 68,2%; teste de esforço - 72,7% (deltaPS diminuído - 59%; arritmia ventricular - 50%); eletrocardiografia dinâmica - 50% (arritmia ventricular). Todos apresentaram pelo menos um exame alterado e a maioria (63,6%) mais de três exames alterados. Estudo da relaçäo entre os resultados do deltaPS diminuído e arritmia ventricular com resultados concordantes em 72,7%. Parece tornar-se lícito conceituar a forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas como verdadeira forma crônica, talvez de potencial agressivo atenuado, de evoluçäo indeterminada e com exteriorizaçäo clínica polimórfica identificada somente à propedêutica armada

Purpose To evaluate the association between the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease and abnormalities in non-invasive cardiovascular propedeutics. Patients and Methods Twenty-two patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease, 17 female, with ages between 25 and 50 years were submitted to studies of: vetor cardiography, echocardiography, stress test, dynamic electrocardiography and scintilographic studies (scintilographic ventriculography and cardiac mapping with pyrophosphate of tecnecium), in a period of two months after first consultation. Results The analysis shows the perceptual of altered exams: vetorcardiogram 68.2% (conduction disturbance 22.7%); echocardiogram 15.8% (apical hypocinesia); cardiac mapping 61.8%; cintilographic ventriculography68.2%; stress test 72.2% (red uced DPS50%, ventricular arrhythmia50% ); and dynamic electrocardiographic 50% (ventricular arrhythmias). We could observe also that the great majority of the patients has more than three exams altered (63.6%). The stud y of relation between methods, shows only association between reduced DPS and ventricular arrhythmia, with concordant results in 72.7%. Conclusion Indeterminate form of Chagas disease appears to be a really chronic form, may be of atenuate agressive potential, with indeterminate evolution and with polimorphical clinical exteriorization seeing only through invasive and non invasive propedeutic techniques.